(If you're in a hurry, the full source can be found on my Bitbucket account)

When it comes to GUI frameworks for C++, it's very hard to beat Qt. It's modular, easy to use, and available on practically any desktop system (and even a few mobile systems). The MOC'ing can get a bit annoying, but IDE and command-line support is very mature at this point. However, only OpenGL is supported currently for real-time 3D rendering. If you want to render to a Qt widget from a Direct3D 11 device, you end up having to do a lot of setup yourself.

Unfortunately, there is not a lot of information out on the internet about setting up Direct3D to play nice with Qt. Most of the information is either out-dated, or only applies to Direct3D 9. Lately, I've been playing around with this and I want to share my method for combining Direct3D 11 and Qt.

Screenshot

To start, we define a new widget sub-class specifically for Direct3D 11 rendering. On the Qt side, the key to eliminating flickering or UI artifacts is the paintEngine() method. We need a way to tell Qt that we want complete control over drawing for our widget, so we can override paintEngine() in our widget definition:

   class D3DRenderWidget : public QWidget {
     Q_OBJECT
     Q_DISABLE_COPY(D3DRenderWidget)
   public:
     D3DRenderWidget(QWidget* parent = NULL);
     virtual ~D3DRenderWidget();
     virtual QPaintEngine* paintEngine() const { return NULL; }
   protected:
     virtual void resizeEvent(QResizeEvent* evt);
     virtual void paintEvent(QPaintEvent* evt);
   };

(Note that for ease of viewing, all of the fields have been removed from this code snippet)

We also need to set a few attributes on our widget, as shown in the constructor:

   D3DRenderWidget::D3DRenderWidget(QWidget* parent)
     : QWidget(parent) {
     setAttribute(Qt::WA_PaintOnScreen, true);
     setAttribute(Qt::WA_NativeWindow, true);

     // Create Device
     createDevice();
   }

First, we tell Qt that we do not want it to do any draw buffering for us. Second, we require a native window handle for our widget. Otherwise, Qt may re-use the same native handle for multiple widgets and cause problems for our Direct3D rendering. You may have also noticed the createDevice() method call; this will be explained in a bit.

Creating the Direct3D 11 Device

Now that we have a basic widget that can support Direct3D rendering, we can initialize the Direct3D 11 device we want. This procedure is mostly identical to setting up Direct3D in a raw window. The only difference is that we must use the width(), height(), and winId() methods to return the widget size and native window handle, respectively:

   swapChainDesc_.BufferCount = 1;
   swapChainDesc_.BufferDesc.Width = width();
   swapChainDesc_.BufferDesc.Height = height();
   swapChainDesc_.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
   swapChainDesc_.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
   swapChainDesc_.SampleDesc.Count = 4;
   swapChainDesc_.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
   swapChainDesc_.Windowed = true;
   swapChainDesc_.OutputWindow = winId();
   swapChainDesc_.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
   swapChainDesc_.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;

Everything else remains the same... pretty easy, huh? :)

Handling Paint Events

Remember the paintEvent override from the widget class definition? We can simply implement it with a call to some rendering function:

   void D3DRenderWidget::paintEvent(QPaintEvent* evt) {
     render();
   }

Here, render() is just some arbitrary method that uses the Direct3D 11 device to render something to the primary swap chain.

Handling Resize Events

Resize events are perhaps the hardest events to handle when integrating Direct3D 11 and Qt. To resize our swap chain, we need to release all device-allocated resources, and reallocate them. The procedure I follow is:

   void D3DRenderWidget::resizeEvent(QResizeEvent* evt) {
     releaseBuffers();
     swapChain_->ResizeBuffers(1, width(), height(), swapChainDesc_.BufferDesc.Format, 0);
     swapChain_->GetDesc(&swapChainDesc_);
     viewport_.Width = width();
     viewport_.Height = height();
     createBuffers();
   }

We start by releasing all of the buffers we had allocated (vertex buffers, index buffers, shaders, textures, etc.). We then issue a resize request to the swap chain, resize our rendering viewport, and then recreate all of our needed buffers. In this snippet, releaseBuffers() will call Release() on all buffers, and createBuffers() will create all of the needed resources (again).

It would probably be easier to just allow the swap chain to grow and just adjust the viewport if the widget shrinks, but this method shows how to keep the swap chain the exact same size as the widget.

Conclusion

At this point, you should have a functional Direct3D 11 rendering context for a Qt widget. For brevity, I have omitted most of the Direct3D initialization code (this can be found in many places on the web).

If you want to check out the complete sample program, it is located on my BitBucket account. To build it, you need a relatively recent Qt release, the DirectX SDK, and the Qt Visual Studio Add-in.

Direct3d 11 With Qt 4

Creating a Widget

Creating the Direct3D 11 Device

Handling Paint Events

Handling Resize Events

Conclusion